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Gender
Definitions:
- Gender Expression: External appearance of one’s gender identity, usually expressed through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice—which may or may not conform to socially defined behaviors—and are typically associated with being either masculine or feminine.
- Gender Identity: One’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both, or neither—how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves, sometimes different from their sex assigned at birth.
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Gender (Research Starter) This link opens in a new windowThis topic research starter contains links to more research starters on subjects like gender differences, gender roles, gender equality, and more.
Gender Bias
Gender bias is a term used to describe the preferential treatment cisgender men over cisgender women and those who identify as LGBTQ.
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Gender-Inclusive Language
The table below offers suggestions for using gender-neutral nouns. If you are a student using APA 7th edition, the APA Style Manual offers detailed guidelines on Bias-Free language This link opens in a new window, including for writing about gender This link opens in a new window and sexual orientation This link opens in a new window.
| Gendered noun | Gender-neutral noun |
|---|---|
| man | person, individual |
| mankind | humankind, people, human beings, humanity |
| freshman | first-year student |
| man-made | machine-made, synthetic, artificial |
| the common man | the average person |
| chairman | chair, chairperson, coordinator, head |
| mailman | mail carrier, letter carrier, postal worker |
| policeman | police officer |
| steward, stewardess | flight attendant |
| actor, actress | actor |
| congressman | legislator, congressional representative |
| Sir (in “Dear Sir,” etc. | Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Editor, Dear Members of the Search Committee, To Whom it May Concern |
| foreman | supervisor, superintendent |
| waiter, waitress | server |
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