SPT/GST 335 (Campus) Gender & Sport
Research & Data Resources
General Research
Google Scholar
Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts, and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities, and other web sites. It is a great place for you to begin your research on your topic about women's sports.
Google Scholar Search results have the following options:
- Citation for the article in 5 formats (including APA, required for this Gender & Sport course) & export to various citation managers including RefWorks which SNHU provides for all their students & employees
- Click on "Cited by" beneath each result in Google Scholar to see a list of all the articles written more recently that cite that article
- Google Scholar searches may be narrowed down by date in the left margin of the results list
- If the full text is available, it will appear as a link to the right of the citation. The link below demonstrates how to connect Google Scholar to the Shapiro Library databases.
Library Databases for Data & Statistics
The following three library databases hold data and statistical information that may be useful for this project.
Statista
- Statista This link opens in a new windowStatista is one of the leading statistics companies on the internet. With a team of over 200 statisticians, database experts, analysts, and editors, Statista provides users with an innovative and intuitive tool for researching quantitative data, statistics and related information.
The Statista database is useful for locating all kinds of statistical information. For this project, you might try using some of these search terms/phrases:
Or reports from Statista such as this:
- Statista - Highest-attended women's sporting events worldwide as of 2024The very surprising 3 most well-attended women's sporting events as of 2024.
Sage Data
Type search terms into the search box. Then narrow results using limiters in the left margin such as Subject (ex: Education) and Terms (ex: undergraduate students).
- SAGE Data This link opens in a new windowProvides access to more than 18.9 billion data points from more than 70 source organizations.
- Participation by Sport from the College Athletics database This link opens in a new windowHighly interactive interface. Use the horizontal scroll bar to select elements (particular sports, particular schools, etc.) to generate data charts or data sets.
USA.gov
This database searches many different government sites (federal, state, local, county, etc.). Add the word "statistics" or "data" to your search if you are seeking hard numbers, as many articles (research studies, web articles, etc.) will also come up. Use this site again when you are conducting research for your literature review.
- USA.gov This link opens in a new windowPremier search engine that retrieves information from all the web sites of the U.S. federal government
Here are some sample search phrases to use in usa.gov to find sources for your Gender & Sport project:
This link opens in a new window
- professional women's sports data
- statistics on professional women's sports
- women's national basketball association
Examples of sources found through usa.gov that are potentially useful to this project:
- Min, S. D., Zhang, J. J., & Byon, K. K. (2022). Push and pull factors associated with the consumption of women's professional basketball games: A canonical correlation analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 806305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806305
- Lebel K, Mumcu C, Pegoraro A, LaVoi NM, Lough N, Antunovic D. Re-thinking Women's Sport Research: Looking in the Mirror and Reflecting Forward. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:746441. Published 2021 Oct 11. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.746441
- Narayanan, S., & Pifer, N. D. (2023). A data-driven framing of player and team performance in U.S. Women's soccer. Frontiers in sports and active living, 5, 1125528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1125528
- Fraser, K. K., & Kochanek, J. (2023). What place does elite sport have for women? A scoping review of constraints. Frontiers in sports and active living, 5, 1121676. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1121676
- BLS Reports (2022). Women in the labor force: A databook.
- US Senate Committee on Science, Commerce & Transportation (2022). Historic Win for Women’s Equality in Sports | Equal Pay for Equal Play Coming to Team USA as Cantwell-Capito Bill Heads to President’s Desk.
Library Databases for Articles & Information
Multi-Search
Using the Multi-search box on the Shapiro Library home page is a way to start your research off. It searches about 40% of the content that SNHU subscribes to for students/faculty/staff to conduct research all at once. You may type search terms into the box directly below.
Subject-Specific Library Databases
In addition to searching in the Multi-search box on the library home page, there are specific databases that would be helpful to search in for information for your project's literature review. Depending on your topic, you may need databases that focus on the business or legal sides of professional women's sports, or advertising/marketing, or the college pipeline, for example. These databases provide information in multiple formats: books, articles, videos, blogs, reports, charts, images, audio files, data, legal reports/journals/laws, etc.
All the library databases may be accessed by clicking on the A-Z Database List in the Quick Links box on the library home page. Below is a list of databases that may be most helpful to you in your research for this Gender & Sport class.
- SPORTDiscus with Full Text - EBSCO This link opens in a new windowBibliographic coverage of sport, fitness and related disciplines
- Business Source Ultimate - EBSCO This link opens in a new windowBusiness Source Ultimate includes news articles, peer-reviewed articles, case studies, country economic reports. It also includes company profiles, SWOT analyses, and interviews with executives and analysts.
- Business Insights: Essentials - Gale This link opens in a new windowNewspapers, magazines and scholarly (peer-reviewed) journals, and reports in business disciplines as well as company profiles, company histories and S.W.O.T analysis reports
- Emerald Insight This link opens in a new windowProvides full-text access to journals in management, HR, marketing, the sciences and technology.
- D&B Hoovers This link opens in a new windowD&B Hoovers — which combines the best of the former Hoovers solution, insights-rich Dun & Bradstreet data, and the robust Avention OneSource platform — offers deeper insights on your most important industries, accounts, and contacts. It offers one-of-a-kind functionality to help you quickly analyze and understand companies at a level that was previously unheard of. SNHU’s subscription includes CRUSH and One Stop Reports. FAQ: Where can I find income statements and balance sheets? Please log out of D&B Hoovers when you are finished using the database. Note: Some users are reporting errors, such as requests for a password pop up when attempting to access from off-campus.
Please try clearing your browser's cookies/cache. Please also try a different browser. - SAGE Journals This link opens in a new windowThe SAGE Journals platform includes full text of scholarly journals from SAGE publications in many disciplines, such as, education, sociology, women's studies, criminal justice and business.
- Nexis Uni This link opens in a new windowNexis Uni provides full-text access to over 15,000 news, business, and legal sources. News coverage includes deep archives and the latest stories. Use the Company Dossier module to retrieve detailed company information and financial performance measures. The Company Dossier module also allows you to identify and compare companies matching specific criteria. This product also provides access to the renowned Shepard's Citations service for all federal and state court cases 1789-present. Nexis Uni is the new platform to replace LexisNexis Academic, which has been phased out by the vendor.
- HeinOnline Legal Databases This link opens in a new windowCore collection of current and historical law and law-related periodicals, classic books and reports. Includes government and political documents, such as World Constitutions, US Congressional Documents, the Federal Register and much more. Includes the HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World Collection (found within the UNC Press Law collection).
- ScienceDirect This link opens in a new windowOffers a collection of full-text, scholarly journals and eBooks in science, technology, medicine, and social sciences.
- Contemporary Women's Issues (CWi) - Gale This link opens in a new windowA multidisciplinary, full-text database that brings together relevant content from mainstream periodicals, "gray" literature, and the alternative press -- with a focus on the critical issues and events that influence women's lives in more than 190 countries. If the screen appears blank when you try to access this database, please make sure that your browser is not blocking popups.
- Women's Magazine Archive This link opens in a new windowAn archival research resource comprising the backfiles of leading women's interest consumer magazines. Issues are scanned in high-resolution color and feature detailed article-level indexing. Coverage ranges from the late-19th century through to 2005 and these key primary sources permit the examination of the events, trends, and attitudes of this period. Among the research fields served by this material are gender studies, social history, economics/marketing, media, fashion, politics, and popular culture.
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowIncludes the Archival Films & Newsreels Collection, Psychology, History, Business, & Economics, Science, Health & Medicine, Art, Political Science, and more! Films on Demand includes world-class online educational videos from PBS, The History Channel, TED, Films for the Humanities & Social Sciences, Frontline, NOVA, National Geographic, and more.
Examples of resources from the library databases:
- WNBA Operations, LLC complete company report. From D&B Hoovers database.
- (August 20, 2024 Tuesday). Women's National Basketball Association Business Landscape Report 2024. Impact Financial News. From Nexis Uni database.
- Balsam, J. S. (Summer, 2024). False start on NIL: Public and private law should treat college athletes like any other student. Texas A&M Law Review, 11, 785. From Nexis Uni database.
- Barclays to become the Official Banking Partner of WNBA's New York Liberty. (2024, March 27). Contify Banking News, NA. From Gale Business Insights database.
- Konstantinovic , D. (March 8, 2023). Coca-Cola, Morgan Stanley join coalition of brands backing women's sports. From eMarketer.PRO database.
- Agha, N. and Berri, D. (2021). Gender Differences in the Pay of Professional Basketball Player in The Professionalisation of Women’s Sport by Ali Bowes & Alex Culvin (Eds.), pp 53-70. Emerald Publishing Limited. From Emerald Insights database.
Websites
The websites below may offer both data and articles/information on your topic connected to professional women's sports, particularly the WNBA.
- Athletes UnlimitedA Network of next generation professional sports leagues using an innovative player-centric model to create leagues across sports including women’s professional softball, volleyball, basketball and lacrosse leagues, and more ventures in the planning phases.
- UnrivaledAn innovative 3v3 professional women’s basketball league founded by two current U.S. Olympians, Napheesa Collier and Breanna Stewart. The league will feature 6 teams, with 5 players on each team, and its inaugural season tips off in January, 2025 in Miami.
- Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)Official site of the WNBA. Check out all the tabs along the top.
- Women’s National Basketball Players Association (WNBPA)Official website for the WNBPA, the "union" for professional women's basketball players.
- Women's Super League (WSL)This league was founded in March 2010 features twelve fully professional teams. Chelsea are the current champions. The median wage in the WSL is around $93,000.
- National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)Official website of the NWSL. Check out the tabs across the top of the page.
- Pro Volleyball FederationPVF began play in January 2024 and concluded their season in May. Pro Volleyball Federation operates at a major league level and is advancing a traditional league model with teams in major markets across the U.S.
- Professional Women's Ice Hockey LeagueThe PWHL is a 6-team professional women's ice hockey league in its second season.
- UEFA Women's Champions LeagueThe UEFA Women's Champions League, previously called the UEFA Women's Cup (2001–2009), is a European women's association football competition. It involves the top club teams from countries affiliated with the European governing body UEFA.
- Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA)The Ladies Professional Golf Association is headquartered at the LPGA International in Daytona Beach, Florida, and is best known for running the LPGA Tour, a series of weekly golf tournaments for elite women professional golfers from around the world.
- Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL)The Professional Women's Hockey League is a professional women's ice hockey league in North America, wholly owned and operated by the Mark Walter Group.
- Equity in Athletics Data Analysis (EADA) This link opens in a new windowU.S. Department of Education's Office of Post-Secondary Education website with 20 years of downloadable data. The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act is designed to make prospective students aware of a school's commitment to providing equitable athletic opportunities for its men and women students. Any co-educational institution of higher education that participates in a federal student aid program must prepare an EADA Report by October 15th each year and must also report data to the U.S. Department of Education via the mandatory EADA online survey.
- Federal Register (NARA)Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance -
A Rule by the Education Department on 04/29/2024 - NCAA Demographics Database This link opens in a new windowThe data in this searchable dashboard include information on NCAA member schools' student-athletes, coaches, administrators. The data are from school years 2011-2012 through 2022-2023. Published in December 2023.
- Shared NCAA Research Data This link opens in a new windowThe NCAA collects a substantial amount of data from its member institutions on the academic performance of their student-athletes. These data are collected to help answer research questions posed by college presidents, athletics personnel, faculty, student-athlete groups, the media, researchers and others in the higher education community and to assist in the development of national athletics policies. This repository (previously housed on the ICPSR site at the University of Michigan) includes user-friendly data collections related to graduation rates in Divisions I and II and team-level Academic Progress Rates in Division I.
- National Center for Education Statistics This link opens in a new windowUse the search box in the upper right to search using keywords such as "sports AND gender" to find articles, reports, etc. OR hover over the webpage banner and select "Data and Tools" to see a page of data options. The Data Lab is user friendly and searchable. DataLab is a platform of web-based tools that provide the public with instant access to the data collected by the National Center of Education Statistics (NCES). The tools that currently comprise DataLab are PowerStats, the Online Codebook, and the Tables Library.
Gathering & Analyzing Data
Much of research in the social sciences involves gathering and analyzing data. Generally data gathering/research falls under Quantitative or Qualitative methods.
Quantitative Research
Research involving the collection of data in numerical form for quantitative analysis. The numerical data can be durations, scores, counts of incidents, ratings, or scales. Quantitative data can be collected in either controlled or naturalistic environments, in laboratories or field studies, from special populations or from samples of the general population. The defining factor is that numbers result from the process, whether the initial data collection produced numerical values, or whether non-numerical values were subsequently converted to numbers as part of the analysis process, as in content analysis.
Garwood, J. (Ed.) (2006). The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods. SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://
Qualitative Research
Research that investigates aspects of social life which are not amenable to quantitative measurement. Associated with a variety of theoretical perspectives, qualitative research uses a range of methods to focus on the meanings and interpretation of social phenomena and social processes in the particular contexts in which they occur.
Sumner, M. (Ed.) (2006). The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods. SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857020116 This link opens in a new window
Gender & Sport Project
The project for this Gender & Sport course will utilize data from a variety of sources. Below are sources to look for particular data on the WNBA, and other women's sports.