Higher Education Administration (HEA) Guide
This guide provides information that can be useful throughout the Higher Education Administration (HEA) program
Title IX
As mentioned in our Research Starter This link opens in a new window (click the link below to get more background information):
Title IX of the Educational Amendments to the 1964 Civil Rights Act was signed into law in 1972. It bans any educational institution that receives federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex, and applies to all academic and extra-curricular programs. Title IX has been praised as the chief factor behind the advances made in gender equity in education over the past three decades. In addition, the significant advances of women in higher education and in the workplace since the 1970s have been attributed by some to Title IX. Despite all this, Title IX is most well known for the impact it has had on intercollegiate athletics. The scale of women's collegiate athletic programs has increased exponentially during the past four decades, principally as a result of Title IX. Read on to explore primary and secondary sources on this piece of legislation.
Primary Sources
- Education Amendments of 1972. Conference Report This link opens in a new windowFull report on education amendments in 1972, including Title IX.
- A New Weapon in the Fight for Equal Pay This link opens in a new windowAbstract: The article reports on legislative acts which deal with unequal pay. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 protects all faculty members and other professional employees in all educational institutions from unequal pay. Executive Order 11246 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts also prohibit unequal pay on the basis of sex discrimination. The Equal Pay Act by the U.S. Congress has been successful in getting women millions of dollars in back pay.
- Sex Bias in Secondary Schools: The Impact of Title IX This link opens in a new windowAbstract: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the first comprehensive anti-sex discrimination law that covers students. Although most of the attention given to the law since its passage has focused on its impact on colleges, Title IX will have the greatest impact on the elementary and secondary levels of education. All school districts in the country receiving federal funds will be required to abide by these regulations in order to continue receiving funds. This legislation does not prohibit different entrance requirements for boys and girls to schools for the academically or artistically talented, nor does it prohibit single-sex schools, except for vocational schools. However, all other aspects of public school policy will, in one way or another, be affected by Title IX. Although the implementing regulations of Title IX have not been finalized, from the proposed regulations released in June 1974, it is possible to determine the type of school policies that will require changes. This report describes some of those policies.
Secondary Sources
The Effect of Title IX on Gender Disparity in Graduate Education This link opens in a new window
This paper examines whether Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which banned sex discrimination in admissions, was successful in reducing gender disparity in graduate education.
Other Resources
Title IX by ISBN: 9781317425120Publication Date: 2018This book examines the history and evolution of Title IX, a landmark 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination at educational institutions receiving federal funding. Elizabeth Kaufer Busch and William Thro illuminate the ways in which the interpretation and implementation of Title IX have been transformed over time to extend far beyond the law's relatively narrow statutory text. The analysis considers the impact of Title IX on athletics, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and, for a time, transgender discrimination. Combining legal and cultural perspectives and supported by primary documents, Title IX: The Transformation of Sex Discrimination in Education offers a balanced and insightful narrative of interest to anyone studying the history of sex discrimination, educational policy, and the law in the contemporary United States.
The Transformation of Title IX by ISBN: 9780815732228Publication Date: 2017One civil rights-era law has reshaped American society-and contributed to the country's ongoing culture wars Few laws have had such far-reaching impact as Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Intended to give girls and women greater access to sports programs and other courses of study in schools and colleges, the law has since been used by judges and agencies to expand a wide range of antidiscrimination policies-most recently the Obama administration's 2016 mandates on sexual harassment and transgender rights. In this comprehensive review of how Title IX has been implemented, Boston College political science professor R. Shep Melnick analyzes how interpretations of ""equal educational opportunity"" have changed over the years. In terms accessible to non-lawyers, Melnick examines how Title IX has become a central part of legal and political campaigns to correct gender stereotypes, not only in academic settings but in society at large. Title IX thus has become a major factor in America's culture wars-and almost certainly will remain so for years to come.
More Than Title IX by ISBN: 9780742566422Publication Date: 2009Women in America have come a long way in the last hundred years, from lacking the right to vote to holding some of the highest profile positions in the country. But this change has not come without struggle. More Than Title IX highlights the impact of one of the most powerful instruments of change--education. The book takes readers behind the scenes of some of the most influential moments for gender equity in education and tells the dramatic stories of the women and men who made these changes possible. The narrative blends historical analysis with dynamic interview excerpts with people whose actions made a difference in both educational equity and in the country as a whole. By showing how hard-won changes in education have improved life for women and men in America over the past century, the authors remind readers not to take freedoms for granted.
